The requirements to be a talk show host are the ability of giving a good speech and sense of humor. David Letterman has them both. Hosts need these qualities to conduct the show, to bring enthusiasm and excitement. Can you imagine what would happen if a host has nothing else to say five minutes after the beginning of the show? Dave never has this kind of problem because he is wisely funny, talkative, and mean. He can make his monologue interesting. Dave always starts the show with about five short jokes. Many jokes are about current issues with celebrities. I personally hate people who make fun of the private lives of others, but I also understand that the subject would be attractive. After all, minding other people’s business and private life is the media’s main mission; it’s also part of the American culture. Actually I think it’s true for all cultures around the world. The fact that paparazzi chasing after Princess Diana and reporters hunting Monica Lewinsky says it all.

I don’t know if Letterman comes up with all the materials or someone writes the jokes for him, but one thing I do know is, those jokes are the root of the show; not only do they keep the program running, they also reflect modern American culture.

Time management is significant to a show. It takes skills to tell jokes, interview guests, and have guests perform in one hour. Dave does know how to control the pace of his show. Most of the time everything goes on at the speed of his schedule, so the show looks pretty smooth and the audience feels comfortable and not rushed.

Are interviews and jokes the only two things going on in the show? Certainly not. After his five jokes, three guests show up. The guests are always Mr. or Miss Popularity, such as actors, comedians, sport stars or musicians. Who wants to watch the show if Dave invites a pizza guy or mailman? Eight out of ten times the combination of the guests is one movie star, one singer, and one TV actor. I’ve seen Dan Miller, Demi Moore, David Duchovny, Michael Jordan, and Joan Osborne and many others on the show. Needless to say, it’s full of another type of commercials. The show plays clips of films or TV shows with the guests in, so that they can promote their movies or shows. As long as those famous stars show up, the number of audience members keeps increasing. Thus, Letterman and his guests get full benefits of the show. More and more people watch David Letterman and the actors’ shows or movies, or buy the musicians’ CDs. Eventually, Dave and his guests are the winners; they get all the money in their pockets. Isn’t money a big part of American culture?

The guests’ clothing and hairstyling show the shapes of the American culture as well as the jokes. It seems that the host and guests have some sort of uniform. Dave and most male guests wear suits only. Female guests have more varieties of dresses. It’s a trend to show their beauty by covering only half of their body surfaces. Sexy women have become a vital element of the show. It’s a tradition for women to show their bodies because it’s just a stereotyped female character. Some guests, especially musicians, have their own styles; they wear whatever they think looks good, even if it looks weird to an ordinary person. It’s not unusual to see a bunch of holes on their shirts and pants. Cutting clothes has been a part of American culture since the 60’s.

The guests need not be funny. If they have nothing to say, Dave asks them questions to start a subject. The subject covers almost everything. Dave and the guests talk about people, movies, music, cars, food products, sports, politics, and even toilets. They rarely say anything about environmental problems, education, or economy except at the times when Hilary or the governors of New Jersey and Minnesota went to the show. Sometimes they attack people personally. Once Jay Leno took out a ball, which was shaped in the form of a Spice Girl’s head and he pumped it until it exploded.

If a show were an hour long, the actual length would be forty-five minutes. Applause from the audience, commercials, and the live band take fifteen minutes. After Dave shows up at the stage with his two beautiful assistants, whom they call “interns”, the audiences stand up, scream, whistle, and clap for quite a while. They do the same thing when guests show up. Once George Clooney went to the show, and the audiences did their routine job, but they wouldn’t stop even after Clooney sat down. It seems that super stars take a big portion of the list with the most respectful people for people under 30 years of age.

TV commercials and advertisements in general are also part of the A-culture. The quality varies; “Jim the Hammer” on Central New York’s local network has been the bad commercial my friends and I laugh about, while there are some very good commercials like the ones in Super Bowl. I hope there is a law that regulates how exaggerated a commercial or advertisement can be. An Oakley Sunglasses ad I saw says their sunglasses are bullet proof. If someone shoots me in the eyes and I get blinded or even worse, die, will they be responsible? Another one I saw is a box containing printing paper. On the box it says: “99% jam free.” How could paper be jam free? If there’s a paper jam, the problem is with the printer, not with the paper! If I had the manufacturer’s phone number, I would call and tell them that I put in a hundred pieces of paper and only ninety-eight came out.
Another fact is the racism. White people are invited more often than the others are. It’s a show for whites; it’s unusual to see a black or Asian face on the show. Dave may not be a racist; the problem is with the Hollywood and Americans in general. Although Caucasians are the majority of the population, the number of African and Asian Americans are not small. Among 166 Oscar ex-nominees, only one of them was black. The ratio of black to white people must be much higher than that. Asians have been stereotyped to be kung-fu stars or gangsters. Therefore, the filmmakers prefer Caucasian actors or actresses, which explains why there are not so many non-white famous actors in Hollywood.

The material and language that they use on the show varies from Z to triple x. Sometimes they curse, have some sort of sexual contact, or kiss the same genders. Youngsters are too young for those. If you don’t have kids around, David Letterman is a good show; it can help vaporize the stress, make you laugh, and it reflects pop culture.

Madame DeFarge shows the element of influence through her words and actions. Whether it is her husband or a group of strangers, she has quite a negative effect on the lives of others. Madame DeFarge is shown as bloodthirsty and eager for the French Revolution to take place as soon as possible. Mr. DeFarge in the beginning of the story is reluctant to the idea of taking away innocent lives. Madame is able to change the view of her husband to something of a more negative nature because of her strong character and dominant views on the revolution.

Madame DeFarge not only affects Mr. DeFarge, but also the mob. Upon the news of Foulons capture, a wealthy man who once declared that if people were starving they should eat grass, the revolutionary mob led by Madame DeFarge and the Vengeance, her partner in crime, sets out to meet Foulon the capture him. Upon tying him down Madame states, See cried madame, pointing with her knife. ?See the old villain bound with ropes. That was well done to tie a bunch of grass upon his back. Ha, ha! That was well done. Let him eat it now!? Madame put her knife under her arm, and clapped her hands as at play. Madame uses these words to excite the revolutionaries to mutilate of this man. These words change the views of the mob into a having a passion for the destruction of other opposed to no real interest at all. In turn the crowd explains, ?the cause of her satisfaction to those behind them, and those again explaining to others, and those to others, the neighboring streets resounded with a clapping of hands. Through the power of Madame DeFarge enrages the mob to have a passion for the French Revolution. Through Mr. DeFarge and the mob, Madame DeFarge affects people to do things they would not normally do- kill. These thoughts she places in peoples minds are harmful and vengeful and affect them to do things horrifying.

Differing from Madame DeFarges negative influence on other people, Lucie Manette does just the opposite. Through her smile she brings to the room, Lucie Manette brings joy to whomever she encounters. In the beginning of the novel, Lucie Manette brings happiness to her father, Dr. Manette, life by helping him recover to better health. When Lucie first saw her father at the DeFarges wine shop, she enlightened Dr. Manette with her love from there on. Lucie stays with her father and makes sure to meet his every need. She transforms Dr. Manette into a new person.
Lucie Manette not only affects her father in more ways than one but she always helps transform Sydney Carton into a better person. Carton tells Lucie about his troubled life and how it has amount to nothing stating that he will never live a better life than the life he lives now. Lucie, however, brings light to his speech and reassures him that he could amount to something great. Lucie question Carton with these words, since the state of your mind that you describe, is, at all events, attributable to some influence of mine- this is what I mean, if I can make it plain- can I use no influence to serve you? Have I no power for good, with you, at all?

With these kind words, Lucie tries to help Carton in asking him if there is any way that she can influence him to see the better things in life. Lucie brings joy to Carton?s life and to everyone she sees. For Carton states how much Lucie has made him happy, ?O Miss Manette, when the little picture of a happy father?s face looks up in yours, when you see your own bright beauty springing up anew at your feet, think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you! Through these words Carton describes how Lucie influences his and her father?s life for the better. Lucie Manettes positive affect on people change their lives for the better.
Lucie Manette and Madame DeFarge both affect peoples lives in different ways. Lucie changes lives in a positive way, giving people a renewed strength inside of them and a reason to live. Madame DeFarge on the other hand, affects peoples lives in a more negative way, encouraging them to kill and destroy human lives. Dickens uses these two characters to show the opposite effects people can have on others. Through the words of one person, someone can power another to do anything even kill .

By attributing the images of “Kubla Khan” to a dream (identified later as a drug-induced reverie), Coleridge allows people to dream a bit themselves as they read the poem, something forgotten in the Neo-Classical period, but seeing something of a rebirth with the Romantics. Imagination is the key to “Kubla Khan,” and is the source from which it stems. The work Purchas his Pilgrimage is in part to blame (or praise) for Coleridge’s dream, according to the introduction, because the plot of the poem resides within it, and was his last thought before falling into sleep.

As Benjamin Franklin once claimed to do, Coleridge goes on to quote himself with much gravity. His carefully cited poem tells how, though his concentration was broken, the great dream he had known would come to light again. He makes excuse as to why his poem has not yet reflected the true image of his dream, and lets readers make do with what fragments he can attach to the fleeting reminders that remain.

“In Xanadu did Kubla Khan a stately pleasure-dome decree,” the poem begins. The cadence of the words is unmistakable, and the words seem to have a power of their own. Where is this place, this Xanadu, readers ask themselves, and what of Kubla Khan? Astute readers might recognize Kubla from Chinese history, the warlord who began the Mongol dynasty. Those who do not look too deeply, see instead the wonder of fantastic times and places, enjoying more and thinking somewhat less. A stately pleasure-dome, these readers postulate, is not such a bad idea at all, perhaps I shall make one for myself.

The power of Kubla Khan (as indeed of “Kubla Khan”) is implied rather than stated. Coleridge does not describe a stately throne or golden crown, but simply that Kubla has the power to create by will alone. This is much like Coleridge’s own power in the creation of “Kubla Khan” and of all poets to their works. A pleasure-dome is made because Kubla wishes it to be so. Through his mind’s eye and his vast imagination, Kubla has envisioned a great dome girdling miles of beautiful nature. By will and imagination, Kubla subdues nature and makes it an object of his own. This wouldn’t have won Kubla any points with Coleridge’s friend Wordsworth, and perhaps it is that very voice of Coleridge’s Romantic ancestor that later prophesies war.

There are two blemishes on Kubla’s power, outside forces that run deep and confound even the great builder. The first mystical blight on Kubla’s world is a chasm running through the hills and forests. It is a magical place that seems to breathe, and erupts into violent spasms, coughing up vast chunks of earth. This chasm disturbs the river upon which Kubla has constructed his great walls and towers, and thus disturbs Kubla himself. It seems as though this chasm might be the result of an earthquake, a primal natural force, that changes forever the Alpheus’ course. The river runs a similar course, through wood and dale to deep dank caverns, but its tumult, which was once within Kubla’s realm, is now heard from far. The shadow of Kubla’s dome, which once girdled the whole of a beautiful stretch of nature, fed by the river, now falls midway upon the waves it once encircled.
If the chasm did alter the course of the river (it is rather difficult to say for certain from the poem itself), then this could symbolize the power of nature to overcome the ingenuity of man. Like the theme of Jurassic Park, this implies that man’s imagination might be better spent on more innocent pursuits, and that perhaps nature has a wisdom of her own that humanity ought to let lie. The chasm, whether or not it affects directly the river, does have a negative effect on Kubla, for it is during the eruption of the chasm that he hears of an impending war.

The second dark force in Kubla’s life is the prophecy of doom. Sounded by ancestral voices crying out to Kubla, war is prophesied, but is not seen in the poem. Instead, the poem changes to the first person, praising the idea of the pleasure-dome and wishing to build the dome in air. This seems to be Coleridge lamenting the loss of his vision, and claiming that if it were to be had again that he could do great things with it. This opium-induced dream never does return, or if it does it was never put to paper, for as Coleridge says more than fifteen years after the work’s composition, “the to-morrow in yet to come.”

If imagination is the basis for the poem, power is the theme. Kubla, for all his might and majesty, faces the fact that he is not a god. Coleridge, on realizing that his dream has faded with time, and that he may never reach the truest form of it by description and poetry, realizes that he too is not a god. Like in the “Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” Coleridge creates a situation and a world that are entirely his own. The power of creation, “Kubla Khan” warns, is the danger of overextending one’s boundaries. Kubla became mad with power, and nature struck him down, while Coleridge felt the ultimate muse brush past him, leaving him with fragments of what might have been.

This life we have, this beauty that we have around us, Coleridge seems to say, is enough. It needs not to be captured, nor does it need to be fully explored to understand its nature. It is by overreaching the power that God grants to men that each will find his downfall. The poem “Kubla Khan” is about poetry, and art in general. It is about power and rulership. It is about living to fulfillment, and not being dissatisfied when we come near our mark but fall just short. Enjoying the near perfection that we are allowed, this call to art rather than to arms, is the only way for each person to drink deeply of the milk of Paradise.

The first suggestion for a student union building at Kansas was at a Student Council Resolution in 1911. A financial campaign followed this resolution resulting in the rental of a house at 1200 Tennessee (Cornerstone). However, since the building was so far away from campus, enthusiasm soon declined and it closed after only a year. Spurred by a 20 to 20 tie in football against Nebraska, a war memorial campaign emerged with a goal of a million dollars (Kansas Union). The funds were not only invested in the Union but also in building the Memorial Stadium, and a statue of “Uncle” Jimmy Green, which are another two very symbolic marks for KU. Alumni were reminded that one.

Masloski hundred and thirty men and women died, the first being Lt. William Fitzsimmons, a member of the class of 1910, who was also the first casualty of the war (Rush). The Kansas Union was to be fifty feet by one hundred and thirty five feet. A roll of honor along with mementos and artifacts were sealed in a copper box and placed in the cornerstone of the completed building in 1927 (Cornerstone). Completed in 1927, the Union was the first such structure at any of the large state schools (K.U. News Bureau).

The Memorial Union was built by the veterans of one war and ironically, burned by the opponents of another. An arsonist protesting the Vietnam War started a fire inside the Kansas Union in 1970. The fire started around 10:30 p.m. and brought out every fire fighter in Lawrence. Along with all these people came students from all over campus with hopes of helping the firefighters put out the blaze. Students brought firefighters cups of coffee, removed priceless art pieces from the Union, and helped carry fire hoses up the stairs to the top two floors where the building was at its worse. After two hours of fighting this horrific fire, flames burst through the top floor roof and could be witnessed from anywhere on campus. After a whole night of trying to control the fire, with help from all over, fire fighters finally were able to bring this blaze to a halt. After all was said and done, there was an estimated two million dollars worth of damage and forty thousand square feet over two floors of the Kansas Union that were ravaged by the flames of an arsonist’s torch (Vandervliet).
Since the completion in 1927 of the Kansas Union, it has undergone several additions to keep up with the growing demands of the University. The original Union building was a memorial to KU students and alumni who lost their lives during World.

War I (McGinley). The first building enlargement came in 1950 when the building committee approved a plan for a one million dollar addition doubling the size of the Union (Memorial Union). With this addition came bowling alleys, billiard rooms, table tennis, photography and a music library. In 1970, just before the fire hit the Union there was remodeling done to the fourth, fifth, and sixth floors but luckily none of the new additions were damaged by the flames. Since fire did bring about approximately two million dollars worth of damage to the fifth and sixth floors, there was more work to be done on the Kansas Union to make it fully functional again. Even after the out of control fire the Kansas Union remained open, showing its importance to the University. Then, in 1993 a three stage plan to remodel the Union was put into action and was finally completed just last year. (Cornerstone).

The Kansas Union today is more than 250,000 square feet on six levels, and is arguably the oldest student union west of the Mississippi River (Kansas Union). A special plaque with all one hundred and thirty World War I deaths is on the Jayhalk Walk on the fourth floor of the Union. A renovation in the ‘90s required removal of a pillar containing the original cornerstone. Inside the pillar was a copper box. The copper box had items that students, alumni, and faculty had put in it from 1927, when the Union was first built. Unfortunately, water and heat had damaged much of the papers and artifacts. Spencer Museum took everything from this box and did their best to make replicas and duplicate whatever they could. In 1993 a new memorial box, replacing the old one, was put in the old cornerstone and dated 1927. Along with the new memorial box, they also put a time.

Capsule in another cornerstone and dated this one 1993 (Cornerstone). Finally just last year when they made the new staircase at the Union, there was just enough room at the
bottom for a time capsule. The time capsule was sealed away in the Rock Chalk Jayhalk rock at the bottom of the first floor staircase (KU News Bureau).

Today, the Kansas Union is better than ever. Nick Johnson a student at KU said, “The Union is like a shopping mall designed specifically for college kids.” There are many different aspects to the Union as well as different events that occur there. For instance, students have the opportunity to go bowling or play arcade games. Also, there is a food court that contains a variety of different foods. Along with these activities students may also relax on the fourth level or take some money out of the bank. Nick also states that he enjoys the view from the new staircase that overlooks the Memorial Stadium. With all this and more, these are the needs of today’s college student.

In the early 1920’s when veterans of World War I returned to campus they searched for a way to pay tribute to their fallen comrades. This resulted in the construction of the oldest student union building west of the Mississippi River. In the ‘60s the Union was doing three to four million dollars worth of business every year, now it has grown to almost sixteen million dollars a year (Kansas Union). Frequented daily by so many students the union management is unable to estimate the volume of its traffic. This is no surprise given that the Kansas Union has so many different functions that revolve around every student’s needs. One word describes the life of the Kansas Memorial Union over the years “change” (Cornerstone).

It seemed as though Charles I could do nothing right, but its not as though he
tried. Up until the end of the English Civil War there had been many disputes over
religious, political, economical and social matters. The English economy was crashing,
Charles did not bother taxing people. He instead began to sell common lands to
aristocrats. This enraged the peasants and middle class, making Charles many enemies.
The main reason for the selling of these lands was to fund an attack on the Scots. At this
time England’s army was almost nonexistent and there was little money to fund one. So
selling the common land was Charles’ only option in his mind. This did not sit well with
the people of England.

Before Charles came to power, it was the idea that the Anglican
Church would not have any religious icons like that of the Roman Catholic Church. But
once Charles came to power, he began to place golden crosses, tabernacles, and tapestries
throughout Anglican Churches. This was not taken very well by the Protestant people of
England. So by now Charles has made himself many enemies. It finally turned into a
conflict once Parliament had been called. The members of Parliament quarreled with the
king about his wrongs to his subjects. But the king was not going to listen, he wanted
things his way and no one else’s. And now civil war was knocking on the king’s door.
Two sides had been formed to fight the war. There were the Cavaliers who were
in favor to the king and the Roundheads who were Puritans and they fought for the
common people. The Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell. The first battle of the
English Civil War was the Battle of Naesby. Although it was a Royalist victory, it
showed the Roundheads what they needed to work on. They lacked organization. Oliver
Cromwell saw this and brought together a group of men and trained them to the best of
his ability. Once he saw they were obtaining the skills of a soldier he went off to fight.
They met up with the Royalists at the Battle of Edgehill. Oliver Cromwell’s New Model
Army quickly defeated the Cavaliers. Soon the power would be shifting in England and
Charles I would be brought to trial and found guilty of high treason. This crime was
punishable with death by way of decapitation.

Once the king had been executed it was time for England to find a new ruler. The
people turned to Oliver Cromwell. With Cromwell the new appointed ruler, England
would become a republic and Cromwell was the Lord Protector. His rule is known as a
military dictatorship. Cromwell ruled England up until his death. His son tried to
succeed him and was unable to be a success. So there was a restoration of the Monarchy
with Charles II coming to power. Charles II removed the country’s blue laws and
restored full power to the Anglican Church. He also developed political parties. There
were Tories who supported the king and there were Whigs who supported Parliament.
After Charles II died, James II came into power. James appointed Catholics to positions
of power and Whigs and Tories became united. The next rulers of England were William
of Orange and Mary who was James II’s daughter. They were invited by Parliament to
take control of England. This is known as the Bloodless Revolution. King William and
Queen Mary helped to restore England and bring it back to being a world power.
William and Mary introduced a Bill of Rights. In the Bill of Rights it said that,
Parliament would be called annually. Parliament was also given the power to control the
king’s revenues. Subjects were given the right to petition the king. There could be free
elections and debates at any given time. There was a change to they judicial system,
everyone was given the right to be tried by a jury and the right of bail. The king would
not be able to suspend any law without Parliament agreeing. England would not be able
to have a standing army during peace time. And no Roman Catholic could hold or share
the throne. This would be called a Constitutional Monarchy. It created a balance in the
English government helping it become a world power for many years.

The Congress of the America’s acted much like a regular government. They took command of the army and after King George declined their petition, their only choices were to either yield or fight. They appointed George Washington as the head of the Continental Army. Patrick Henry protested about how their rights as British citizens were being violated.

Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen took over Fort Ticonderoga. There they would gain all the supplies that the Americans found hard to find. They needed supplies because English ships weren’t selling them and infantry. They went up to the door and knocked and very nicely told them that they were being taken over. They didn’t use force or anything. After this little victory, they decided to go to Canada and see if they could take over the English up there. But this only showed the English that the Americans were not good on the offence.

In America there were still loyalists to England. They didn’t want this going on. They didn’t want independence they just wanted to stay under the rule of the English. They had felt that the King was almost like a father to them. They didn’t want to disobey their king some of them would help out the British. Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, was the last loyalist governor. He got the slaves to fight for the British.

There were many attacks on the Americans. The British naval units were brought within shelling range of Breeds Hill. Under the command of General William Howe, there were over 2200 English soldiers. They departed fro Boston. In Charleston, they had burnt the city. The American general Prescott told the soldiers not to fire “until they see the whites of their eyes.” This was because again, the Americans didn’t have a lot of ammunition.

When the colonies decided to declare independence from England, they chose Thomas Jefferson to write the first draft. Jefferson believed that people had the right to create a government. He thought that this government should protect people’s unalienable rights to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” He wanted to prove that the British had violated their right.

Thomas Jefferson didn’t do this by himself. He had help. He had drawn excerpts from people’s statements over the years and expressed them. He had drew from “Common Sense” by Thomas Paine. In his pamphlet, he attacked the idea of reconciliation with England. He directed his anger at King George and not at the Parliament. He felt that people, through their representatives would have supreme power. Thomas Paine was the first man to openly suggest independence from Britain.
John Adams and Benjamin Franklin also played a part in the Declaration of Independence. They were a part of the committee that would revise and re-write the declaration after Jefferson had finished. They all had their own opinions on what the document would say to the Americans and to the English. They wanted it to be clear that the colonies would be on their own and not under the rule of England.

So in the end, the colonies were declared free from England. They had won the Revolutionary War and had finally been recognized as independent by the English. They had accepted the claim of the Northwest Territory and also the fishing rights off of Newfoundland. They had also promised protection concerning the property and rights of the loyalists. America was finally free.

When talking about a bilingual person, it is important to know first the way each language is acquired; whether it is a mother tongue or a language being learned. In fact, this greatly affects the ability of using the language as well as the domains in which it is used. For example, concerning myself as a speaker and user of two languages, which are Arabic and English, the language I use is always according to the domain and function in which it is used. As for the Arabic language, which is my mother tongue, I always use it at home and in most of my daily activities because of my having a strong command of it and because of the society that I live in whose individuals are mostly native speakers of Arabic. On the other hand, I sometimes also use the English language, which I have learned as a result of having my whole education in English. Thus, I use the English language in an educational use, or when dealing with foreigners. Therefore, the use of the English language, which is a second language, which is a second language, is somehow limited, not like the use of the mother tongue.

It is noteworthy that the choice of a certain language to be used depends on the domain as well as the person being addressed. This explains my use of the English language in college while using the Arabic at home. Moreover, even at home when foreigners come to visit us, I find myself talking to them in English and switching to Arabic when I start talking to my sister or when I answer the phone. In fact, this is due to my having abilities in both languages and knowing which language is to be used according to the audience design.

Moreover, it is worth mentioning that it is very rare for a bilingual to have equal abilities in both languages. For instance, despite the fact that I am a native speaker of the Arabic language, most of the time I fail to use Arabic in making any calculations or solving arithmetic problems. In fact, this is due my having learned mathematics in English. Thus, English has become the language that is related to maths and calculations.

Therefore, it can be concluded that bilingualism is not just a phenomena, however, it is interrelated with other sociolinguistic aspects. That is why a bilingual person has been regarded as an important field for sociolinguistic study.

When the French came to the New World, they regarded the Natives as friends. Because of this friendship or understanding, it was possible for them to trade with one another. The French traders gave knives, beads, axes, hatchets, hoes, brightly colored cloths, mirrors, paints and other things of trifling value that appealed to the fancy of the Indians. The only things that the Indians had to sell or trade, and for which the French traders wanted to barter for, were the skins of furbearing animals. These included the beaver, otter, mink, muskrat, and several others found nearby that the Native Americans hunted.

When the first English came over on the Mayflower, they became friends with the Natives. The natives taught the English Pilgrims how to hunt and fish, which fruits and berries were edible, and how to use fertilizer on their crops. They traded with the Indians for furs and land, giving them in return, metal tools, cutting blades, blankets and glass and metal containers. Also the Pilgrims were able to create the first Thanksgiving, showing that their relationship with the Natives was great enough to sit all together and give thanks for a meal.
The English that settled in the Jamestown region were not like the Pilgrims in regard to the relationship built. When the English came over they were granted permission to settle the James River, but Opechancanough and Powhatan decided that the settlers would do more harm then good. The first Anglo-Powhatan War started in 1609-1614. Then in 1622 and 1644 the Natives tried to drive the English out of the James River area, but were unsuccessful each time.

From time to time, the relationship between both the English and the French with the Native Americans has been strained. Eventually the strain would become too great for the Indians and the English to work out. The French however worked through these times and had a great ally because of it. Impressions of the Indians, however, certainly varied depending on the area of contact. Depending on whether the Europeans first met the Native Americans in war, disputes over land, or in trade would have made a great deal of difference in initial thoughts of the Indians.

When the French came to the New World, they regarded the Natives as friends. Because of this friendship or understanding, it was possible for them to trade with one another. The French traders gave knives, beads, axes, hatchets, hoes, brightly colored cloths, mirrors, paints and other things of trifling value that appealed to the fancy of the Indians. The only things that the Indians had to sell or trade, and for which the French traders wanted to barter for, were the skins of furbearing animals. These included the beaver, otter, mink, muskrat, and several others found nearby that the Native Americans hunted.

When the first English came over on the Mayflower, they became friends with the Natives. The natives taught the English Pilgrims how to hunt and fish, which fruits and berries were edible, and how to use fertilizer on their crops. They traded with the Indians for furs and land, giving them in return, metal tools, cutting blades, blankets and glass and metal containers. Also the Pilgrims were able to create the first Thanksgiving, showing that their relationship with the Natives was great enough to sit all together and give thanks for a meal.

The English that settled in the Jamestown region were not like the Pilgrims in regard to the relationship built. When the English came over they were granted permission to settle the James River, but Opechancanough and Powhatan decided that the settlers would do more harm then good. The first Anglo-Powhatan War started in 1609-1614. Then in 1622 and 1644 the Natives tried to drive the English out of the James River area, but were unsuccessful each time.

From time to time, the relationship between both the English and the French with the Native Americans has been strained. Eventually the strain would become too great for the Indians and the English to work out. The French however worked through these times and had a great ally because of it. Impressions of the Indians, however, certainly varied depending on the area of contact. Depending on whether the Europeans first met the Native Americans in war, disputes over land, or in trade would have made a great deal of difference in initial thoughts of the Indians.

In the SSC and HSC level adequate importance is not given to English in the curriculum. As a result most of the students remain weak in this language. They find a lot of difficulties in higher education. It is known to us all that there is an acute shortage of quality textbooks or reference books in Bangla in the graduate level. The condition is worse in computer education. Nor we can find enough translations. So the students have to depend on memorization in higher studies where creativity and individual perception should have been the main features of our students. The reality is that English was and still the language of higher education and the majority of the students are weak in English. As a result it is causing a great problem to our educational standard. We need to solve this problem as soon as possible.

In Hons. Or Masters level the students have to read a lot of textbooks and reference materials. If a student cannot read English books fast enough and understand properly then he may pass the exam but would surely lack a lot of skills and information that we get from institutional education. Thus when they enter into the job market they lack productivity. Spoken English is another area where most us suffer terribly. Thus it is difficult for most of our students to achieve international standard in their respective fields after they finish their studies.

To tackle this situation, a course of English Language has been introduced in Hons. Level in Dhaka University and National University for most of the students with the aim to increase the skill of the students in this regard. However, this move has not proved to be that much effective. The problem still continues. In the private universities the students have to study 2 or 3 courses on English Language no matter which subject they study. For the weak students they have arrangements for intensive course. Still this problem exists. Actually it is very difficult to make a difference in English Language skills in higher education if adequate steps are not taken in Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary levels.

It is easy to say that substantial improvements have to be made in English Language teaching and learning in the lower early stages of the educational system. However, it is extremely difficult to implement any plan for several reasons. First of all, any change would need a lot of money. Secondly, an acute shortage of experts on Applied Linguistics exists in Bangladesh. Most of the students who complete their Masters in English every year come from Literature background. Only 20 or 30 students come from Applied Linguistics and ELT background or popularly known as English language stream. National University is yet to introduce this stream. There is no doubt or controversy that we need more teachers from Applied Linguistics and ELT (English Language Teaching) background in the school and college level. Implementing universal use of audio- visual materials is another problem as only 20% of the population have access to electricity. Thus problems like scarcity of resources, shortage of skilled teachers and weak infrastructure are to blame for this national crisis. It’s almost impossible to solve this problem in the near future but we don’t have any choice but to increase the skills of English Language of our students at to a substantial level without any delay. Or else we would continue to pay a heavy price. A good portion of the university graduates is considered not skilled enough in the job market especially in the private sector only for being weak in English Language.

In this age of globalization we cannot ignore English especially at a time when we are embracing free market economy. University graduates are considered to be the most important part of human resources of any country. Therefore, we have to ensure that they become skilled in English so that they can bring out the maximum from their respective fields as well become fit for the job market.